The LM20, LM45, LM50, LM60, LM61, and LM62 are analog output temperature sensors. They have various output voltage slopes (6.25mV/°C to 17mV/°C) and power supply voltage ranges (2.4V to 10V).The LM20 is the smallest, lowest power consumption analog output temperature sensor National Semiconductor has released. The LM70 and LM74 are MICROWIRE/SPI compatible digital temperature sensors. The LM70 has a resolution of 0.125°C while the LM74 has a resolution of 0.625°C. The LM74 is the most accurate of the two with an accuracy better than ±1.25°C. The LM75 is National’s first digital output temperature sensor, released several years ago.
標簽： temperatu tiny 遠程系統(tǒng) 溫度傳感器
上傳時間： 2014-12-23
上傳用戶：yl8908
This reference design (RD) features a fullyassembled and tested surface-mount printed circuitboard (PCB). The RD board utilizes the MAX48851:2 or 2:1 multiplexer and other ICs to implement acomplete video graphics array (VGA) 8:1multiplexer.VGA input/output connections are provided to easilyinterface the MAX4885 RD board with VGAcompatibledevices. The RD board gives the optionto use a single 5V DC power supply (V+), or this RDboard can be powered from any one of the eight VGA sources.
標簽： multiplexer reference VGA
上傳時間： 2013-11-09
上傳用戶：ANRAN
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design I enjoyed reading this book for a number of reasons. One reason is that itaddresses high-speed analog design in the context of microwave issues. This isan advanced-level book, which should follow courses in basic circuits andtransmission lines. Most analog integrated circuit designers in the past workedon applications at low enough frequency that microwave issues did not arise.As a consequence, they were adept at lumped parameter circuits and often notcomfortable with circuits where waves travel in space. However, in order todesign radio frequency (RF) communications integrated circuits (IC) in thegigahertz range, one must deal with transmission lines at chip interfaces andwhere interconnections on chip are far apart. Also, impedance matching isaddressed, which is a topic that arises most often in microwave circuits. In mycareer, there has been a gap in comprehension between analog low-frequencydesigners and microwave designers. Often, similar issues were dealt with in twodifferent languages. Although this book is more firmly based in lumped-elementanalog circuit design, it is nice to see that microwave knowledge is brought inwhere necessary.Too many analog circuit books in the past have concentrated first on thecircuit side rather than on basic theory behind their application in communications.The circuits usually used have evolved through experience, without asatisfying intellectual theme in describing them. Why a given circuit works bestcan be subtle, and often these circuits are chosen only through experience. Forthis reason, I am happy that the book begins first with topics that require anintellectual approach—noise, linearity and filtering, and technology issues. Iam particularly happy with how linearity is introduced (power series). In therest of the book it is then shown, with specific circuits and numerical examples,how linearity and noise issues arise.
上傳時間： 2014-12-23
上傳用戶：han_zh
This document provides practical, common guidelines for incorporating PCI Express interconnect layouts onto Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) ranging from 4-layer desktop baseboard designs to 10- layer or more server baseboard designs. Guidelines and constraints in this document are intended for use on both baseboard and add-in card PCB designs. This includes interconnects between PCI Express devices located on the same baseboard (chip-to-chip routing) and interconnects between a PCI Express device located “down” on the baseboard and a device located “up” on an add-in card attached through a connector. This document is intended to cover all major components of the physical interconnect including design guidelines for the PCB traces, vias and AC coupling capacitors, as well as add-in card edge-finger and connector considerations. The intent of the guidelines and examples is to help ensure that good high-speed signal design practices are used and that the timing/jitter and loss/attenuation budgets can also be met from end-to-end across the PCI Express interconnect. However, while general physical guidelines and suggestions are given, they may not necessarily guarantee adequate performance of the interconnect for all layouts and implementations. Therefore, designers should consider modeling and simulation of the interconnect in order to ensure compliance to all applicable specifications. The document is composed of two main sections. The first section provides an overview of general topology and interconnect guidelines. The second section concentrates on physical layout constraints where bulleted items at the beginning of a topic highlight important constraints, while the narrative that follows offers additional insight.
上傳時間： 2013-10-15
上傳用戶：busterman
模塊電源的電氣性能是通過一系列測試來呈現(xiàn)的，下列為一般的功能性測試項目，詳細說明如下： 電源調整率(Line Regulation) 負載調整率(Load Regulation) 綜合調整率(Conmine Regulation) 輸出漣波及雜訊(Ripple & Noise) 輸入功率及效率(Input Power, Efficiency) 動態(tài)負載或暫態(tài)負載(Dynamic or Transient Response) 起動(Set-Up)及保持(Hold-Up)時間 常規(guī)功能(Functions)測試 1. 電源調整率 電源調整率的定義為電源供應器于輸入電壓變化時提供其穩(wěn)定輸出電壓的能力。測試步驟如下：于待測電源供應器以正常輸入電壓及負載狀況下熱機穩(wěn)定后，分別于低輸入電壓(Min)，正常輸入電壓(Normal)，及高輸入電壓(Max)下測量并記錄其輸出電壓值。 電源調整率通常以一正常之固定負載(Nominal Load)下，由輸入電壓變化所造成其輸出電壓偏差率(deviation)的百分比，如下列公式所示： [Vo(max)-Vo(min)] / Vo(normal) 2. 負載調整率 負載調整率的定義為開關電源于輸出負載電流變化時，提供其穩(wěn)定輸出電壓的能力。測試步驟如下：于待測電源供應器以正常輸入電壓及負載狀況下熱機穩(wěn)定后，測量正常負載下之輸出電壓值，再分別于輕載(Min)、重載(Max)負載下，測量并記錄其輸出電壓值(分別為Vo(max)與Vo(min))，負載調整率通常以正常之固定輸入電壓下，由負載電流變化所造成其輸出電壓偏差率的百分比，如下列公式所示： [Vo(max)-Vo(min)] / Vo(normal) 3. 綜合調整率 綜合調整率的定義為電源供應器于輸入電壓與輸出負載電流變化時，提供其穩(wěn)定輸出電壓的能力。這是電源調整率與負載調整率的綜合，此項測試系為上述電源調整率與負載調整率的綜合，可提供對電源供應器于改變輸入電壓與負載狀況下更正確的性能驗證。 綜合調整率用下列方式表示：于輸入電壓與輸出負載電流變化下，其輸出電壓之偏差量須于規(guī)定之上下限電壓范圍內(即輸出電壓之上下限絕對值以內)或某一百分比界限內。 4. 輸出雜訊 輸出雜訊(PARD)系指于輸入電壓與輸出負載電流均不變的情況下，其平均直流輸出電壓上的周期性與隨機性偏差量的電壓值。輸出雜訊是表示在經(jīng)過穩(wěn)壓及濾波后的直流輸出電壓上所有不需要的交流和噪聲部份(包含低頻之50/60Hz電源倍頻信號、高于20 KHz之高頻切換信號及其諧波，再與其它之隨機性信號所組成))，通常以mVp-p峰對峰值電壓為單位來表示。 一般的開關電源的規(guī)格均以輸出直流輸出電壓的1%以內為輸出雜訊之規(guī)格，其頻寬為20Hz到20MHz。電源實際工作時最惡劣的狀況(如輸出負載電流最大、輸入電源電壓最低等)，若電源供應器在惡劣環(huán)境狀況下，其輸出直流電壓加上雜訊后之輸出瞬時電壓，仍能夠維持穩(wěn)定的輸出電壓不超過輸出高低電壓界限情形，否則將可能會導致電源電壓超過或低于邏輯電路(如TTL電路)之承受電源電壓而誤動作，進一步造成死機現(xiàn)象。 同時測量電路必須有良好的隔離處理及阻抗匹配，為避免導線上產(chǎn)生不必要的干擾、振鈴和駐波，一般都采用雙同軸電纜并以50Ω于其端點上，并使用差動式量測方法(可避免地回路之雜訊電流)，來獲得正確的測量結果。 5. 輸入功率與效率 電源供應器的輸入功率之定義為以下之公式： True Power = Pav(watt) = Vrms x Arms x Power Factor 即為對一周期內其輸入電壓與電流乘積之積分值，需注意的是Watt≠VrmsArms而是Watt=VrmsArmsxP.F.，其中P.F.為功率因素(Power Factor)，通常無功率因素校正電路電源供應器的功率因素在0.6～0.7左右，其功率因素為1～0之間。 電源供應器的效率之定義為為輸出直流功率之總和與輸入功率之比值。效率提供對電源供應器正確工作的驗證，若效率超過規(guī)定范圍，即表示設計或零件材料上有問題，效率太低時會導致散熱增加而影響其使用壽命。 6. 動態(tài)負載或暫態(tài)負載 一個定電壓輸出的電源，于設計中具備反饋控制回路，能夠將其輸出電壓連續(xù)不斷地維持穩(wěn)定的輸出電壓。由于實際上反饋控制回路有一定的頻寬，因此限制了電源供應器對負載電流變化時的反應。若控制回路輸入與輸出之相移于增益(Unity Gain)為1時，超過180度，則電源供應器之輸出便會呈現(xiàn)不穩(wěn)定、失控或振蕩之現(xiàn)象。實際上，電源供應器工作時的負載電流也是動態(tài)變化的，而不是始終維持不變(例如硬盤、軟驅、CPU或RAM動作等)，因此動態(tài)負載測試對電源供應器而言是極為重要的。可編程序電子負載可用來模擬電源供應器實際工作時最惡劣的負載情況，如負載電流迅速上升、下降之斜率、周期等，若電源供應器在惡劣負載狀況下，仍能夠維持穩(wěn)定的輸出電壓不產(chǎn)生過高激(Overshoot)或過低(Undershoot)情形，否則會導致電源之輸出電壓超過負載組件(如TTL電路其輸出瞬時電壓應介于4.75V至5.25V之間，才不致引起TTL邏輯電路之誤動作)之承受電源電壓而誤動作，進一步造成死機現(xiàn)象。 7. 啟動時間與保持時間 啟動時間為電源供應器從輸入接上電源起到其輸出電壓上升到穩(wěn)壓范圍內為止的時間，以一輸出為5V的電源供應器為例，啟動時間為從電源開機起到輸出電壓達到4.75V為止的時間。 保持時間為電源供應器從輸入切斷電源起到其輸出電壓下降到穩(wěn)壓范圍外為止的時間，以一輸出為5V的電源供應器為例，保持時間為從關機起到輸出電壓低于4.75V為止的時間，一般值為17ms或20ms以上，以避免電力公司供電中于少了半周或一周之狀況下而受影響。 8. 其它 在電源具備一些特定保護功能的前提下，還需要進行保護功能測試，如過電壓保護(OVP)測試、短路保護測試、過功保護等
上傳時間： 2013-10-22
上傳用戶：zouxinwang
Abstract: The rapid build out of today's smart grid raises a number of security questions. In this article,we review two recent well-documented security breaches and a report of a security gap. These situationsinclude a 2009 smart-meter hack in Puerto Rico; a 2012 password discovery in grid distributionequipment; and insecure storage of a private key in distribution automation equipment. For each of theseattacks, we examine the breach, the potential threat, and secure silicon methods that, as part of acomplete security strategy, can help thwart the attacks.
標簽： 智能電網(wǎng) 安全性
上傳時間： 2013-10-27
上傳用戶：tecman
Linear Technology’s high performance battery management ICsenable long battery life and run time, while providing precision charging control, constantstatus monitoring and stringent battery protection. Our proprietary design techniques seamlesslymanage multiple input sources while providing small solution footprints, faster charging and100% standalone operation. Battery and circuit protection features enable improved thermalperformance and high reliability operation.
上傳時間： 2013-10-13
上傳用戶：yyq123456789
Abstract: This application note illustrates an intermediate 8V switching power supply for an automotive radio and infotainment system.The design withstands the complete automotive input voltage range (including cold crank and load dump conditions), assuring a stable8V supply for common subsystems such as a CD driver, LCDs, and a radio module in modern infotainment systems. To avoiddisturbance in the AM and FM bands, the switching power supply runs at a fixed frequency of 2MHz, enabling an ideal solution forradio systems.
標簽： 汽車無線電 信息娛樂系統(tǒng) 開關電源
上傳時間： 2013-11-20
上傳用戶：feitian920
Abstract: This document details the Oceanside (MAXREFDES9#) subsystem reference design, a 3.3V to 15V input,±15V (±12V) output, isolated power supply. The Oceanside design includes a high-efficiency step-up controller, a36V H-bridge transformer driver for isolated supplies, a wide input range, and adjustable output low-dropout linearregulator (LDO). Test results and hardware files are included.
上傳時間： 2013-10-12
上傳用戶：jinyao
交流瓦特/瓦特小時，乏爾/乏爾小時轉換器 特點： 精確度0.25%滿刻度 多種輸入,輸出選擇 輸入與輸出絕緣耐壓2仟伏特/1分鐘 沖擊電壓測試5仟伏特(1.2x50us) 突波電壓測試2.5仟伏特(0.25ms/1MHz) (IEC255-4) 尺寸小，穩(wěn)定性高 主要規(guī)格： 精確度: 0.25% F.S. (23 ±5℃) 輸入負載: <0.2VA (Voltage) <0.2VA (Current) 最大過載能力: Current related input:3 x rated continuous 10 x rated 30 sec. ,25 x rated 3sec. 50 x rated 1sec. Voltage related input:maximum 2 x rated continuous 輸出反應速度: < 250ms(0~90%) 輸出負載能力: < 10mA for voltage mode < 10V for current mode 輸出之漣波 : < 0.1% F.S. 脈波輸出型態(tài): Photocouple of open collector (max.30V/40mA) 歸零調整范圍: 0~±5% F.S. 最大值調整范圍: 0~±10% F.S. 溫度系數(shù): 100ppm/℃ (0~50℃) 隔離特性: Input/Output/Power/Case 絕緣阻抗: >100Mohm with 500V DC 絕緣耐壓能力: 2KVac/1 min. (input/output/power/case) 突波測試: ANSI C37.90a/1974,DIN-IEC 255-4 impulse voltage 5KV(1.2x50us) 使用環(huán)境條件: -20~60℃(20 to 90% RH non-condensed) 存放環(huán)境條件: -30~70℃(20 to 90% RH non-condensed) CE認證: EN 55022:1998/A1:2000 Class A EN 61000-3-2:2000 EN 61000-3-3:1995/A1:2001 EN 55024:1998/A1:2001
上傳時間： 2013-11-11
上傳用戶：wettetw
