Battery systems for energy storage are among the most relevant technologies of the
21 st century. They – in particular modern lithium-ion batteries (LIB) – are enablers
for the market success of electric vehicles (EV) as well as for stationary energy
storage solutions for balancing fluctuations in electricity grids resulting from the
integrationofrenewableenergysourceswithvolatilesupply 1 .BothEVandstationary
storage solutions are important because they foster the transition from the usage
of fossil energy carriers towards cleaner renewable energy sources. Furthermore,
EV cause less local air pollution and noise emissions compared to conventional
combustion engine vehicles resulting in better air quality especially in urban areas.
Unfortunately, to this day, various technological and economic challenges impede a
broad application of batteries for EV as well as for large scale energy storage and
load leveling in electricity grids.
The countless technological advances of the twentieth century require that
futureengineering educationemphasizebridging thegapbetweentheoryand the
real world.Thisedition hasbeenprepared withparticular attentiontothe needs
of undergraduates, especially those who seek a solid foundation in control
theory aswellas an ability tobridgethe gapbetween control theory and itsreal-
world applications.To help the reader achieve this goal, computer-aided design
accuracy checks (CADAC) are used throughout the text to encourage good
habits of computerliteracy.Each CADAC uses fundamentalconcepts to ensure
the viability of a computer solution.
Modern information technologies and the advent of machines powered by artificial
intelligence (AI) have already strongly influenced the world of work in the 21st century.
Computers, algorithms and software simplify everyday tasks, and it is impossible
to imagine how most of our life could be managed without them. However, is it
also impossible to imagine how most process steps could be managed without
human force? The information economy characterised by exponential growth
replaces the mass production industry based on economy of scales
