Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many YEARS. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
This book evolved over the past ten YEARS from a set of lecture notes developed while teaching
the undergraduate Algorithms course at Berkeley and U.C. San Diego. Our way of teaching
this course evolved tremendously over these YEARS in a number of directions, partly to address
our students' background (undeveloped formal skills outside of programming), and partly to
reect the maturing of the eld in general, as we have come to see it. The notes increasingly
crystallized into a narrative, and we progressively structured the course to emphasize the
?story line? implicit in the progression of the material. As a result, the topics were carefully
selected and clustered. No attempt was made to be encyclopedic, and this freed us to include
topics traditionally de-emphasized or omitted from most Algorithms books.
Designing withProgrammable Logicin an Analog WorldProgrammable logic devices revolutionizeddigital design over 25 YEARS ago,promising designers a blank chip todesign literally any function and programit in the field. PLDs can be low-logicdensity devices that use nonvolatilesea-of-gates cells called complexprogrammable logic devices (CPLDs)or they can be high-density devicesbased on SRAM look-up tables (LUTs)
Digital cameras have become increasingly popular over the last few YEARS. Digital imagingtechnology has grown to new markets including cellular phones and PDA devices. With thediverse marketplace, a variety of imaging technology must be available. Imaging technologyhas expanded to include both charge-coupled device (CCD) and CMOS image sensors.
FPGAs have changed dramatically since Xilinx first introduced them just 15 YEARS ago. In thepast, FPGA were primarily used for prototyping and lower volume applications; custom ASICswere used for high volume, cost sensitive designs. FPGAs had also been too expensive and tooslow for many applications, let alone for System Level Integration (SLI). Plus, the development
Prakash Rashinkar has over 15 YEARS experience in system design and verificationof embedded systems for communication satellites, launch vehicles and spacecraftground systems, high-performance computing, switching, multimedia, and wirelessapplications. Prakash graduated with an MSEE from Regional Engineering College,Warangal, in India. He lead the team that was responsible for delivering themethodologies for SOC verification at Cadence Design Systems. Prakash is anactive member of the VSIA Functional Verification DWG. He is currently Architectin the Vertical Markets and Design Environments Group at Cadence.
CBC下寫的串口編程，API函數實例
I wish this site had been around when I was trying to figure out how to make serial communications work in Windows95. I, like many programmers, was hit with the double-whammy of having to learn Windows programming and Win95 serial comm programming at the same time. I found both tasks confusing at best. It was particularly frustrating because I had, over the YEARS, written so much stuff (including lots of serial comm software) for the DOS environment and numerous embedded applications. Interrupt driven serial comm, DMA transfer serial comm, TSR serial comm, C, assembler, various processors... you name it, it had written it. Yet, everything I knew seemed upside-down in the message-driven-callback world of Windows.
good morning,my dear teachers,my dear professors.i am very glad to be here for your interview.my name is song yonghao,i am 22 YEARS old .i come from luoyang,a very beautiful aicent city.my undergratuade period will be accomplished in changan university in july ,2004 and now,i am trying my best for o
Expert Choice represents a significant contribution to the decision making process 工t assists a decision maker in solving complex problems involving many criteria and several courses of action . An Expert Choice solution to a problem reflects the expertise of the decision maker , not the computer .
Behavioral scientists have spent many YEARS studying the human mind and how it makes decisions . They have found that humans are influenced by their previous experiences and this causes them to have biases . Basic instincts , preferences and environmental factors also play key roles in how we analyze data and make decisions . There 15 way to remove these factors from human decision making , nor would we necessarily want to , but as the problems of our world become more and more complex , it 15 necessary for us to employ a framework to help make more logical and less biased decisions while still taking our feelings and intuition into consideration .
DIGITAL IMAGERY is pervasive in our world today. Consequently,
standards for the efficient representation and
interchange of digital images are essential. To date, some of
the most successful still image compression standards have resulted
from the ongoing work of the Joint Photographic Experts
Group (JPEG). This group operates under the auspices of Joint
Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 1
(JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1), a collaborative effort between the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International
Telecommunication Union Standardization Sector (ITUT).
Both the JPEG [1–3] and JPEG-LS [4–6] standards were
born from the work of the JPEG committee. For the last few
YEARS, the JPEG committee has been working towards the establishment
of a new standard known as JPEG 2000 (i.e., ISO/IEC
15444). The fruits of these labors are now coming to bear, as
JPEG-2000 Part 1 (i.e., ISO/IEC 15444-1 [7]) has recently been
approved as a new international standard.
