All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.
上傳時間： 2014-04-02
上傳用戶：han_zh
Abstract: This application note explains the hardware of different types of 1-Wire® interfaces and software examples adapted to this hardware with a focus on serial ports. Depending on the types of iButtons required for a project and the type of computer to be used, the most economical interface is easily found. The hardware examples shown are basically two different types: 5V general interface and 12V RS-232 interface. Within the 5V group a common printed circuit board could be used for all circuits described. The variations can be achieved by different populations of components. The same principal is used for the 12V RS-232 interface. The population determines if it is a Read all or a Read/Write all type of interface. There are other possible circuit implementations to create a 1-Wire interface. The circuits described in this application note cover many different configurations. For a custom application, one of the described options can be adapted to meet individual needs.
標簽： iButtons Reading Writing and
上傳時間： 2013-10-29
上傳用戶：long14578
The 87LPC76X Microcontroller combines in a small package thebenefits of a high-performance microcontroller with on-boardhardware supporting the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus interface.The 87LPC76X can be programmed both as an I2C bus master, aslave, or both. An overview of the I2C bus and description of the bussupport hardware in the 87LPC76X microcontrollers appears inapplication note AN464, Using the 87LPC76X Microcontroller as anI2C Bus Master. That application note includes a programmingexample, demonstrating a bus-master code. Here we show anexample of programming the microcontroller as an I2C slave.The code listing demonstrates communications routines for the87LPC76X as a slave on the I2C bus. It compliments the program inAN464 which demonstrates the 87LPC76X as an I2C bus master.One may demonstrate two 87LPC76X devices communicating witheach other on the I2C bus, using the AN464 code in one, and theprogram presented here in the other. The examples presented hereand in AN464 allow the 87LPC76X to be either a master or a slave,but not both. Switching between master and slave roles in amultimaster environment is described in application note AN435.The software for a slave on the bus is relatively simple, as theprocessor plays a relatively passive role. It does not initiate bustransfers on its own, but responds to a master initiating thecommunications. This is true whether the slave receives or transmitsdata—transmission takes place only as a response to a busmaster’s request. The slave does not have to worry about arbitrationor about devices which do not acknowledge their address. As theslave is not supposed to take control of the bus, we do not demandit to resolve bus exceptions or “hangups”. If the bus becomesinactive the processor simply withdraws, not interfering with themaster (or masters) on the bus which should (hopefully) try toresolve the situation.
上傳時間： 2013-11-19
上傳用戶：shirleyYim
The MC68HC05K0 is a low cost, low pin countsingle chip microcomputer with 504 bytes of userROM and 32 bytes of RAM. The MC68HC05K0 isa member of the 68HC05K series of devices whichare available in 16-pin DIL or SOIC packages.It uses the same CPU as the other devices in the68HC05 family and has the same instructions andregisters. Additionally, the device has a 15-stagemulti-function timer and 10 general purposebi-directional I/0 lines. A mask option is availablefor software programmable pull-downs on all ofthe I/O pins and four of the pins are capable ofgenerating interrupts.The device is ideally suited for remote-controlkeyboard applications because the pull-downs andthe interrupt drivers on the port pins allowkeyboards to be built without any externalcomponents except the keys themselves. There isno need for external pull-up or pull-down resistors,or diodes for wired-OR interrupts, as these featuresare already designed into the device.
上傳時間： 2014-01-24
上傳用戶：zl5712176
The 87C576 includes two separate methods of programming theEPROM array, the traditional modified Quick-Pulse method, and anew On-Board Programming technique (OBP).Quick Pulse programming is a method using a number of devicepins in parallel (see Figure 1) and is the traditional way in which87C51 family members have been programmed. The Quick-Pulsemethod supports the following programming functions:– program USER EPROM– verify USER EPROM– program KEY EPROM– program security bits– verify security bits– read signature bytesThe Quick-Pulse method is quite easily suited to standardprogramming equipment as evidenced by the numerous vendors of87C51 compatible programmers on the market today. Onedisadvantage is that this method is not well suited to programming inthe embedded application because of the large number of signallines that must be isolated from the application. In addition, parallelsignals from a programmer would need to be cabled to theapplication’s circuit board, or the application circuit board wouldneed to have logic built-in to perform the programming functions.These requirements have generally made in-circuit programmingusing the modified Quick Pulse method impractical in almost all87C51 family applications.
上傳時間： 2013-10-21
上傳用戶：xiaozhiqban
CAN與RS232轉換節點的設計與實現 介紹將CAN總線接口與RS232總線接口相互轉換的設計方法和2種總線電平轉換關系，實現CAN總線與各模塊的接口設計，制定了相應的軟硬件設計方案，并給出軟件設計流程圖以及部分硬件設計原理圖。為CAN總線與RS232總線互聯提供了一種方法，對CAN總線與RS232總線接口設備的互聯和廣泛應用的實現具有重要意義。關鍵詞：CAN總線；RS-232總線；串行通信Design and Realization of CAN and RS232 Transformation NodeZHOU Wei, CHENG Xiao-hong(Information Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070)【Abstract】This paper introduces one design method of the CAN bus interface and the RS232 bus interface interconversion, emphasizes two kindof bus level transformation relations, realizes the CAN bus and various modules connection design, formulates the design proposal of correspondingsoftware and hardware, and gives the flow chart of software design as well as the partial schematic diagram of hardware design. It providesonemethod for the CAN bus and the RS232 bus interconnection, has the vital significance to widespread application realization of the CAN busand theRS232 bus interface equipment interconnection.【Key words】CAN bus; RS-232 bus; serial communication
上傳時間： 2013-11-04
上傳用戶：leesuper
當拿到一張CASE單時，首先得確定的是能用什么母體才能實現此功能，然后才能展開對外圍硬件電路的設計，因此首先得了解每個母體的基本功能及特點，下面大至的介紹一下本公司常用的IC：單芯片解決方案• SN8P1900 系列– 高精度 16-Bit 模數轉換器– 可編程運算放大器 (PGIA)• 信號放大低漂移: 2V• 放大倍數可編程: 1/16/64/128 倍– 升壓- 穩壓調節器 (Charge-Pump Regulator)• 電源輸入: 2.4V ~ 5V• 穩壓輸出: e.g. 3.8V at SN8P1909– 內置液晶驅動電路 (LCD Driver)– 單芯片解決方案 • 耳溫槍 SN8P1909 LQFP 80 Pins• 5000 解析度量測器 SN8P1908 LQFP 64 Pins• 體重計 SN8P1907 SSOP 48 Pins單芯片解決方案• SN8P1820 系列– 精確的12-Bit 模數轉換器– 可編程運算放大器 (PGIA)• Gain Stage One: Low Offset 5V, Gain: 16/32/64/128• Gain Stage One: Low Offset 2mV, Gain: 1.3 ~ 2.5– 升壓- 穩壓調節器• 電源輸入: 2.4V ~ 5V• 穩壓輸出: e.g. 3.8V at SN8P1829– 內置可編程運算放大電路– 內置液晶驅動電路 – 單芯片解決方案 • 電子醫療器 SN8P1829 LQFP 80 Pins 高速/低功耗/高可靠性微控制器• 最新SN8P2000 系列– SN8P2500/2600/2700 系列– 高度抗交流雜訊能力• 標準瞬間電壓脈沖群測試 (EFT): IEC 1000-4-4• 雜訊直接灌入芯片電源輸入端• 只需添加1顆 2.2F/50V 旁路電容• 測試指標穩超 4000V (歐規)– 高可靠性復位電路保證系統正常運行• 支持外部復位和內部上電復位• 內置1.8V 低電壓偵測可靠復位電路• 內置看門狗計時器保證程序跳飛可靠復位– 高抗靜電/栓鎖效應能力– 芯片工作溫度有所提高: -200C ~ 700C 工規芯片溫度： -400C ~ 850C 高速/低功耗/高可靠性微控制器• 最新 SN8P2000 系列– SN8P2500/2600/2700 系列– 1T 精簡指令級結構• 1T: 一個外部振蕩周期執行一條指令• 工作速度可達16 MIPS / 16 MHz Crystal– 工作消耗電流 < 2mA at 1-MIPS/5V– 睡眠模式下消耗電流 < 1A / 5V額外功能• 高速脈寬調制輸出 (PWM)– 8-Bit PWM up to 23 KHz at 12 MHz System Clock– 6-Bit PWM up to 93 KHz at 12 MHz System Clock– 4-Bit PWM up to 375 KHz at 12 MHz System Clock• 內置高速16 MHz RC振蕩器 (SN8P2501A)• 電壓變化喚醒功能• 可編程控制沿觸發/中斷功能– 上升沿 / 下降沿 / 雙沿觸發• 串行編程接口
上傳時間： 2013-10-21
上傳用戶：jiahao131
基于ADSP-BF561的數字攝像系統設計Design of Digital Video Camera System Based on Digital Signal ProcessorADSP-BF561（浙江大學 信息與通信工程研究所，浙江 杭州 310027） 馬海杰, 劉云海摘要：介紹了基于ADI雙核的數字信號處理芯片ADSP-BF561 的數字攝像系統實現方案。系統包括硬件和軟件兩部分，硬件主要有ADSP-BF561及其外圍電路、音視頻模數/數模轉換、CF卡/微硬盤接口等部分。軟件主要有操作系統及音視頻編解碼算法等部分。關鍵詞：ADSP-BF561 ;數字攝像機;微硬盤;MPEG-4;A/D;D/A中圖分類號:TN948.41文獻標識碼:AAbstract: An implementation of digital video camera system based on ADI dual core digital signal processor ADSP-BF561 is introduced. The system can be divided into two parts——hardware and software design. The hardware design includes ADSP-BF561 and perpheral apparatus, A/D,D/A, CF card or Microdrive and so on. The software includes operating system , audio and video coding algorithm.Key words: ADSP-BF561; digital video camera; microdrive; MPEG-4;A/D;D/A
上傳時間： 2013-11-10
上傳用戶：yl1140vista
微處理器及微型計算機的發展概況 第一代微處理器是以Intel公司1971年推出的4004，4040為代表的四位微處理機。 第二代微處理機（1973年~1977年），典型代表有：Intel 公司的8080、8085；Motorola公司的M6800以及Zlog公司的Z80。 第三代微處理機 第三代微機是以16位機為代表，基本上是在第二代微機的基礎上發展起來的。其中Intel公司的8088。8086是在8085的基礎發展起來的；M68000是Motorola公司在M6800 的基礎發展起來的； 第四代微處理機 以Intel公司1984年10月推出的80386CPU和1989年4月推出的80486CPU為代表， 第五代微處理機的發展更加迅猛，1993年3月被命名為PENTIUM的微處理機面世，98年PENTIUM 2又被推向市場。 INTEL CPU 發展歷史Intel第一塊CPU 4004,4位主理器,主頻108kHz,運算速度0.06MIPs(Million Instructions Per Second, 每秒百萬條指令),集成晶體管2,300個,10微米制造工藝,最大尋址內存640 bytes,生產曰期1971年11月. 8085,8位主理器,主頻5M,運算速度0.37MIPs,集成晶體管6,500個,3微米制造工藝,最大尋址內存64KB,生產曰期1976年 8086,16位主理器,主頻4.77/8/10MHZ,運算速度0.75MIPs,集成晶體管29,000個,3微米制造工藝,最大尋址內存1MB,生產曰期1978年6月. 80486DX,DX2,DX4,32位主理器,主頻25/33/50/66/75/100MHZ,總線頻率33/50/66MHZ,運算速度20~60MIPs,集成晶體管1.2M個,1微米制造工藝,168針PGA,最大尋址內存4GB,緩存8/16/32/64KB,生產曰期1989年4月 Celeron一代, 主頻266/300MHZ(266/300MHz w/o L2 cache, Covington芯心 (Klamath based),300A/333/366/400/433/466/500/533MHz w/128kB L2 cache, Mendocino核心 (Deschutes-based), 總線頻率66MHz,0.25微米制造工藝,生產曰期1998年4月) Pentium 4 (478針),至今分為三種核心:Willamette核心(主頻1.5G起,FSB400MHZ,0.18微米制造工藝),Northwood核心(主頻1.6G~3.0G,FSB533MHZ,0.13微米制造工藝, 二級緩存512K),Prescott核心(主頻2.8G起,FSB800MHZ,0.09微米制造工藝,1M二級緩存,13條全新指令集SSE3),生產曰期2001年7月. 更大的緩存、更高的頻率、 超級流水線、分支預測、亂序執行超線程技術 微型計算機組成結構單片機簡介單片機即單片機微型計算機，是將計算機主機(CPU、 內存和I/O接口)集成在一小塊硅片上的微型機。 三、計算機編程語言的發展概況 機器語言 機器語言就是0，1碼語言，是計算機唯一能理解并直接執行的語言。匯編語言 用一些助記符號代替用0，1碼描述的某種機器的指令系統，匯編語言就是在此基礎上完善起來的。高級語言 BASIC，PASCAL，C語言等等。用高級語言編寫的程序稱源程序，它們必須通過編譯或解釋，連接等步驟才能被計算機處理。 面向對象語言 C++，Java等編程語言是面向對象的語言。 1.3 微型計算機中信息的表示及運算基礎（一） 十進制ND有十個數碼：0～9，逢十進一。 例 1234.5=1×103 +2×102 +3×101 +4×100 +5×10-1加權展開式以10稱為基數，各位系數為0～9，10i為權。 一般表達式：ND= dn-1×10n-1+dn-2×10n-2 +…+d0×100 +d-1×10-1+… （二） 二進制NB兩個數碼：0、1, 逢二進一。 例 1101.101=1×23+1×22+0×21+1×20+1×2-1+1×2-3 加權展開式以2為基數，各位系數為0、1， 2i為權。 一般表達式： NB = bn-1×2n-1 + bn-2×2n-2 +…+b0×20 +b-1×2-1+… （三）十六進制NH十六個數碼0～9、A～F，逢十六進一。 例：DFC.8=13×162 +15×161 +12×160 +8×16-1 展開式以十六為基數，各位系數為0～9，A～F，16i為權。 一般表達式： NH= hn-1×16n-1+ hn-2×16n-2+…+ h0×160+ h-1×16-1+… 二、不同進位計數制之間的轉換 （二）二進制與十六進制數之間的轉換 24=16 ，四位二進制數對應一位十六進制數。舉例：（三）十進制數轉換成二、十六進制數整數、小數分別轉換 1.整數轉換法“除基取余”：十進制整數不斷除以轉換進制基數，直至商為0。每除一次取一個余數，從低位排向高位。舉例： 2. 小數轉換法“乘基取整”：用轉換進制的基數乘以小數部分，直至小數為0或達到轉換精度要求的位數。每乘一次取一次整數，從最高位排到最低位。舉例： 三、帶符號數的表示方法 機器數：機器中數的表示形式。真值： 機器數所代表的實際數值。舉例:一個8位機器數與它的真值對應關系如下： 真值： X1=+84=+1010100B X2=-84= -1010100B 機器數：[X1]機= 01010100 [X2]機= 11010100(二)原碼、反碼、補碼最高位為符號位，0表示 “+”，1表示“－”。 數值位與真值數值位相同。 例 8位原碼機器數： 真值： x1 = +1010100B x2 =－ 1010100B 機器數： [x1]原 = 01010100 [x2]原 = 11010100原碼表示簡單直觀,但0的表示不唯一，加減運算復雜。 正數的反碼與原碼表示相同。 負數反碼符號位為 1，數值位為原碼數值各位取反。 例 8位反碼機器數： x= +4： [x]原= 00000100 [x]反= 00000100 x= -4： [x]原= 10000100 [x]反= 111110113、補碼（Two’s Complement）正數的補碼表示與原碼相同。 負數補碼等于2n－abs（x）8位機器數表示的真值四、 二進制編碼例：求十進制數876的BCD碼 876= 1000 0111 0110 BCD 876= 36CH = 1101101100B 2、字符編碼 美國標準信息交換碼ASCII碼，用于計算 機與計算機、計算機與外設之間傳遞信息。 3、漢字編碼 “國家標準信息交換用漢字編碼”（GB2312-80標準），簡稱國標碼。 用兩個七位二進制數編碼表示一個漢字 例如“巧”字的代碼是39H、41H漢字內碼例如“巧”字的代碼是0B9H、0C1H1·4 運算基礎 一、二進制數的運算加法規則：“逢2進1” 減法規則：“借1當2” 乘法規則：“逢0出0，全1出1”二、二—十進制數的加、減運算 BCD數的運算規則 循十進制數的運算規則“逢10進1”。但計算機在進行這種運算時會出現潛在的錯誤。為了解決BCD數的運算問題，采取調整運算結果的措施：即“加六修正”和“減六修正”例：10001000(BCD)+01101001(BCD) =000101010111(BCD) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ＋ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 ＋ 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 ……調整 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 進位 例： 10001000(BCD)－ 01101001(BCD)= 00011001(BCD) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 － 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 － 0 1 1 0 ……調整 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 三、 帶符號二進制數的運算 1.5 幾個重要的數字邏輯電路編碼器譯碼器計數器微機自動工作的條件程序指令順序存放自動跟蹤指令執行1.6 微機基本結構微機結構各部分組成連接方式1、以CPU為中心的雙總線結構；2、以內存為中心的雙總線結構；3、單總線結構CPU結構管腳特點 1、多功能；2、分時復用內部結構 1、控制; 2、運算; 3、寄存器; 4、地址程序計數器堆棧定義 1、定義；2、管理；3、堆棧形式
上傳時間： 2013-10-17
上傳用戶：erkuizhang
Xilinx FPGAs require at least two power supplies: VCCINTfor core circuitry and VCCO for I/O interface. For the latestXilinx FPGAs, including Virtex-II Pro, Virtex-II and Spartan-3, a third auxiliary supply, VCCAUX may be needed. Inmost cases, VCCAUX can share a power supply with VCCO.The core voltages, VCCINT, for most Xilinx FPGAs, rangefrom 1.2V to 2.5V. Some mature products have 3V, 3.3Vor 5V core voltages. Table 1 shows the core voltagerequirement for most of the FPGA device families. TypicalI/O voltages (VCCO) vary from 1.2V to 3.3V. The auxiliaryvoltage VCCAUX is 2.5V for Virtex-II Pro and Spartan-3, andis 3.3V for Virtex-II.
上傳時間： 2013-10-22
上傳用戶：liu999666
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