The status quo of digital cities is analysed in detail, using six different
perspectives:
1. Social interaction
2. Safety
3. Data management and analytics
4. Mobility
5. Consumer Lifestyle
6. Crowd-based services
Recently millimeter-wave bands have been postu-
lated as a means to accommodate the foreseen extreme bandwidth
demands in vehicular communications, which result from the
dissemination of sensory data to nearby vehicles for enhanced
environmental awareness and improved Safety level. However, the
literature is particularly scarce in regards to principled resource
allocation schemes that deal with the challenging radio conditions
posed by the high mobility of vehicular scenarios
The understanding of electrical system design has become increas-
ingly important, not only to the electrical designer, but to Safety, plant
and project engineers as well. With the advent of high energy costs, plant
and project engineers have needed to become more aware of electrical
systems. Both Safety and energy efficiency will be covered in this text
along with practical application problems for industrial and commercial
electrical design.
The concept of smart cities emerged few years ago as a new vision for urban
development that aims to integrate multiple information and communication
technology (ICT) solutions in a secure fashion to manage a city’s assets. Modern ICT
infrastructure and e-services should fuel sustainable growth and quality of life,
enabled by a wise and participative management of natural resources to be ensured
by citizens and government. The need to build smart cities became a requirement that
relies on urban development that should take charge of the new infrastructures for
smart cities (broadband infrastructures, wireless sensor networks, Internet-based
networked applications, open data and open platforms) and provide various smart
services and enablers in various domains including healthcare, energy, education,
environmental management, transportation, mobility and public Safety.
Recently millimeter-wave bands have been postu-
lated as a means to accommodate the foreseen extreme bandwidth
demands in vehicular communications, which result from the
dissemination of sensory data to nearby vehicles for enhanced
environmental awareness and improved Safety level.
The Internet of Things is considered to be the next big opportunity, and challenge, for the
Internet engineering community, users of technology, companies and society as a whole. It
involves connecting embedded devices such as sensors, home appliances, weather stations
and even toys to Internet Protocol (IP) based networks. The number of IP-enabled embedded
devices is increasing rapidly, and although hard to estimate, will surely outnumber the
number of personal computers (PCs) and servers in the future. With the advances made over
the past decade in microcontroller,low-power radio, battery and microelectronic technology,
the trend in the industry is for smart embedded devices (called smart objects) to become
IP-enabled, and an integral part of the latest services on the Internet. These services are no
longer cyber, just including data created by humans, but are to become very connected to the
physical world around us by including sensor data, the monitoring and control of machines,
and other kinds of physical context. We call this latest frontier of the Internet, consisting of
wireless low-power embedded devices, the Wireless Embedded Internet. Applications that
this new frontier of the Internet enable are critical to the sustainability, efficiency and Safety
of society and include home and building automation, healthcare, energy efficiency, smart
grids and environmental monitoring to name just a few.
Mobile radio networks have risen in prominence over the last few years, primarily by the rise
in popularity of cellular phones. It is important to recognise however that mobile radio
technology fulfils a far wider range of applications that meet the demands of the modern
world. These include the networks that allow police and emergency services to serve the
public, military networks for operations and humanitarian support, and the mobile technol-
ogies that are vital to the Safety of aircraft.
District energy (DE) systems use central heating and/or cooling facilities to provide
heating and/or cooling services for communities. The advantages of district energy
over conventional heating and cooling include improved efficiency, reliability and
Safety, reduced environmental impact, and for many situations better economics.
DE systems can be particularly beneficial when integrated with cogeneration plants
for electricity and heat, i.e., with combined heat and power (CHP) plants. One of
the main impediments to increased use of cogeneration-based district energy is a
lack of understanding of the behavior of integrated forms of such systems. This
book is aimed at providing information on district energy and cogeneration tech-
nologies, as well as systems that combine them.
Switched systems are embedded devices widespread in industrial
applications such as power electronics and automotive control. They
consist of continuous-time dynamical subsystems and a rule that
controls the switching between them. Under a suitable control rule, the
system can improve its steady-state performance and meet essential
properties, such as Safety and stability, in desirable operating zones.
Sensors are points ofcontact betweenthe material world ofatoms, mass, andenergy
and the seemingly immaterial world of information, computation, and cognition.
Linking these two domains more tightly yields all sorts of practical benefits, such as
improvedinputdevicesforcomputers,moreeffectivemedicaldevices(implantedor
worn), more precise agricultural operations, better monitored buildings or bridges,
more secure payment systems, and more reliable sensor–actuator control systems.
There are many settings in which tighter coupling between digital and physical
planes can enhance Safety, security, performance, and reliability.
