Highlights the LTC1062 as a lowpass filter in a phase lock loop. Describes how the loop's bandwidth can be increased and the VCO output jitter reduced when the LTC1062 is the loop filter. Compares it with a passive RC loop filter. Also discussed is the use of LTC1062 as simple bandpass and bandstop filter.
對(duì)于電子產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)師尤其是線路板設(shè)計(jì)人員來(lái)說(shuō),產(chǎn)品的可制造性設(shè)計(jì)(Design For Manufacture,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)DFM)是一個(gè)必須要考慮的因素,如果線路板設(shè)計(jì)不符合可制造性設(shè)計(jì)要求,將大大降低產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)效率,嚴(yán)重的情況下甚至?xí)?dǎo)致所設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品根本無(wú)法制造出來(lái)。目前通孔插裝技術(shù)(Through Hole Technology,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)THT)仍然在使用,DFM在提高通孔插裝制造的效率和可靠性方面可以起到很大作用,DFM方法能有助于通孔插裝制造商降低缺陷并保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。本文介紹一些和通孔插裝有關(guān)的DFM方法,這些原則從本質(zhì)上來(lái)講具有普遍性,但不一定在任何情況下都適用,不過(guò),對(duì)于與通孔插裝技術(shù)打交道的PCB設(shè)計(jì)人員和工程師來(lái)說(shuō)相信還是有一定的幫助。1、排版與布局在設(shè)計(jì)階段排版得當(dāng)可避免很多制造過(guò)程中的麻煩。(1)用大的板子可以節(jié)約材料,但由于翹曲和重量原因,在生產(chǎn)中運(yùn)輸會(huì)比較困難,它需要用特殊的夾具進(jìn)行固定,因此應(yīng)盡量避免使用大于23cm×30cm的板面。最好是將所有板子的尺寸控制在兩三種之內(nèi),這樣有助于在產(chǎn)品更換時(shí)縮短調(diào)整導(dǎo)軌、重新擺放條形碼閱讀器位置等所導(dǎo)致的停機(jī)時(shí)間,而且板面尺寸種類(lèi)少還可以減少波峰焊溫度曲線的數(shù)量。(2)在一個(gè)板子里包含不同種拼板是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的設(shè)計(jì)方法,但只有那些最終做到一個(gè)產(chǎn)品里并具有相同生產(chǎn)工藝要求的板才能這樣設(shè)計(jì)。(3)在板子的周?chē)鷳?yīng)提供一些邊框,尤其在板邊緣有元件時(shí),大多數(shù)自動(dòng)裝配設(shè)備要求板邊至少要預(yù)留5mm的區(qū)域。(4)盡量在板子的頂面(元件面)進(jìn)行布線,線路板底面(焊接面)容易受到損壞。不要在靠近板子邊緣的地方布線,因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)過(guò)程中都是通過(guò)板邊進(jìn)行抓持,邊上的線路會(huì)被波峰焊設(shè)備的卡爪或邊框傳送器損壞。(5)對(duì)于具有較多引腳數(shù)的器件(如接線座或扁平電纜),應(yīng)使用橢圓形焊盤(pán)而不是圓形,以防止波峰焊時(shí)出現(xiàn)錫橋(圖1)。
鎖定放大是微弱信號(hào)檢測(cè)的重要手段?;谙嚓P(guān)檢測(cè)理論,利用開(kāi)關(guān)電容的開(kāi)關(guān)實(shí)現(xiàn)鎖定放大器中乘法器的功能,提出開(kāi)關(guān)電容和積分器相結(jié)合以實(shí)現(xiàn)相關(guān)檢測(cè)的方法,并設(shè)計(jì)出一種鎖定放大器。該鎖定放大器將微弱信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)化為與之相關(guān)的方波,通過(guò)后續(xù)電路得到正比于被測(cè)信號(hào)的直流電平,為后續(xù)采集處理提供方便。測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)表明鎖定放大器前級(jí)可將10-6 A的電流轉(zhuǎn)換為10-1 V的電壓,后級(jí)通過(guò)帶通濾波器級(jí)聯(lián)可將信號(hào)放大1×105倍。該方法在降低噪聲的同時(shí),可對(duì)微弱信號(hào)進(jìn)行放大,線性度較高、穩(wěn)定性較好。
Abstract:
Lock-in Amplifying(LIA)is one of important means for weak signal detection. Based on cross-correlation detection theory, switch in the swithched capacitor was used as multiplier of LIA, and a new method of correlation detection was proposed combining swithched capacitor with integrator. A kind of LIA was designed which can convert the weak signal to square-wave, then DC proportional to measured signal was obtained through follow-up conditioning circuit, providing convenience for signal acquisition and processing. The measured data shows that the electric current(10-6 A) can be changed into voltage(10-1 V) by LIA, and the signal is magnified 1×105 times by cascade band-pass filter. The noise is suppressed and the weak signal is amplified. It has the advantages of good linearity and stability.