MAX29X是美國(guó)MAXIM公司生瓣的8階開關(guān)電容低通濾波器,由于價(jià)格便宜、使用方便、設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單,在通訊、信號(hào)自理等領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。本文就其工作原理、電氣參數(shù)、設(shè)計(jì)注意事項(xiàng)等問(wèn)題作了討論,具有一定的實(shí)用參考價(jià)值。關(guān)鍵詞:開關(guān)電容、濾波器、設(shè)計(jì) 1 引言 開關(guān)電容濾波器在近些年得到了迅速的發(fā)展,世界上一些知名的半導(dǎo)體廠家相繼推出了自己的開頭電容濾波器集成電路,使形狀電容濾波器的發(fā)展上了一個(gè)新臺(tái)階。 MAXIM公司在模擬器件生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域頗具影響,它生產(chǎn)MAX291/292/293/294/295/296/297系列8階低通開關(guān)電容濾波器由于使用方便(基本上不需外接元件)、設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單(頻率響應(yīng)函數(shù)是固定的,只需確定其拐角頻率即截止頻率)、尺寸小(有8-pin DIP封裝)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在ADC的反混疊濾波、噪聲分析、電源噪聲抑制等領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。 MAX219/295為巴特活思(型濾波器,在通頻帶內(nèi),它的增益最穩(wěn)定,波動(dòng)小,主要用于儀表測(cè)量等要求整個(gè)通頻帶內(nèi)增益恒定的場(chǎng)合。MAX292/296為貝塞爾(Bessel)濾波器,在通頻帶內(nèi)它的群時(shí)延時(shí)恒定的,相位對(duì)頻率呈線性關(guān)系,因此脈沖信號(hào)通過(guò)MAX292/296之后尖峰幅度小,穩(wěn)定速度快。由于脈沖信號(hào)通過(guò)貝塞爾濾波器之后所有頻率分量的延遲時(shí)間是相同的,故可保證波形基本不變。關(guān)于巴特活和貝塞爾濾波器的特性可能圖1來(lái)說(shuō)明。圖1的蹤跡A為加到濾波器輸入端的3kHz的脈沖,這里我們把濾波器的截止頻率設(shè)為10kHZ。蹤跡B通過(guò)MAX292/296后的波形。從圖中可以看出,由于MAX292/296在通帶內(nèi)具有線性相位特性,輸出波形基本上保持了方波形狀,只是邊沿處變圓了一些。方波通過(guò)MAX291/295之后,由于不同頻率的信號(hào)產(chǎn)生的時(shí)延不同,輸出波形中就出現(xiàn)了尖峰(overshoot)和鈴流(ringing)。 MAX293/294/297為8階圓型(Elliptic)濾波器,它的滾降速度快,從通頻帶到阻帶的過(guò)渡帶可以作得很窄。在橢圓型濾波器中,第一個(gè)傳輸零點(diǎn)后輸出將隨頻率的變高而增大,直到第二個(gè)零點(diǎn)處。這樣幾番重復(fù)就使阻事賓頻響呈現(xiàn)波浪形,如圖2所示。阻帶從fS起算起,高于頻率fS處的增益不會(huì)超過(guò)fS處的增益。在橢圓型濾波中,通頻帶內(nèi)的增益存在一定范圍的波動(dòng)。橢圓型濾波器的一個(gè)重要參數(shù)就是過(guò)渡比。過(guò)渡比定義為阻帶頻率fS與拐角頻率(有時(shí)也等同為截止頻率)由時(shí)鐘頻率確定。時(shí)鐘既可以是外接的時(shí)鐘,也可以是自己的內(nèi)部時(shí)鐘。使用內(nèi)部時(shí)鐘時(shí)只需外接一個(gè)定時(shí)用的電容既可。 在MAX29X系列濾波器集成電路中,除了濾波器電路外還有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的運(yùn)算放大器(其反相輸入端已在內(nèi)部接地)。用這個(gè)運(yùn)算放大器可以組成配合MAX29X系列濾波器使用后的濾波、反混濾波等連續(xù)時(shí)間低通濾波器。 下面歸納一下它們的特點(diǎn): ●全部為8階低通濾波器。MAX291/MAX295為巴特沃思濾波器;MAX292/296為貝塞爾濾波器;MAX293/294/297為橢圓濾波器。 ●通過(guò)調(diào)整時(shí)鐘,截止頻率的調(diào)整范圍為:0.1Hz~25kHz(MAX291/292/293*294);0.1Hz~kHz(MAX295/296/297)。 ●既可用外部時(shí)鐘也可用內(nèi)部時(shí)鐘作為截止頻率的控制時(shí)鐘。 ●時(shí)鐘頻率和截止頻率的比率:10∶1(MAX291/292/293/294);50∶1(MAX295/296/297)。 ●既可用單+5V電源供電也可用±5V雙電源供電。 ●有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的運(yùn)算放大器可用于其它應(yīng)用目的。 ●8-pin DIP、8-pin SO和寬SO-16多種封裝。2 管腳排列和主要電氣參數(shù) MAX29X系列開頭電容濾波器的管腳排列如圖3所示。 管腳功能定義如下: CLK:時(shí)鐘輸入。 OP OUT:獨(dú)立運(yùn)放的輸出端。 OP INT:獨(dú)立運(yùn)放的同相輸入端。 OUT:濾波器輸出。 IN:濾波器輸入。 V-:負(fù)電源 。雙電源供電時(shí)搛-2.375~-5.5V之間的電壓,單電源供電時(shí)V--=-V。 V+:正電源。雙電源供電時(shí)V+=+2.35~+5.5V,單電源供電時(shí)V+=+4.75~+11.0V。 GND:地線。單電源工作時(shí)GND端必須用電源電壓的一半作偏置電壓。 NC:空腳,無(wú)連線。 MAX29X的極限電氣參數(shù)如下: 電源(V+~V-):12V 輸入電壓(任意腳):V--0.3V≤VIN≤V++0.3V 連續(xù)工作時(shí)的功耗:8腳塑封DIP:727mW;8腳SO:471mW;16腳寬SO:762mW;8腳瓷封DIP:640mW。 工作溫度范圍:MAX29-C-:0℃~+70℃;MAX29-E-:-40℃~+85℃;MAX29-MJA:-55℃~+125℃;保存溫度范圍:-65℃~+160℃;焊接溫度(10秒):+300℃; 大多數(shù)的形狀電容濾波器都采用四節(jié)級(jí)連結(jié)構(gòu),每一節(jié)包含兩個(gè)濾波器極點(diǎn)。這種方法的特點(diǎn)就是易于設(shè)計(jì)。但采用這種方法設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的濾波器的特性對(duì)所用元件的元件值偏差很敏感。基于以上考慮,MAX29X系列用帶有相加和比例功能的開關(guān)電容持了梯形無(wú)源濾波器,這種方法保持了梯形無(wú)源濾波器的優(yōu)點(diǎn),在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中每個(gè)元件的影響作用是對(duì)于整個(gè)頻率響應(yīng)曲線的,某元件值的誤差將會(huì)分散到所有的極點(diǎn),因此不值像四節(jié)級(jí)連結(jié)構(gòu)那樣對(duì)某一個(gè)極點(diǎn)特別明顯的影響。3 MAX29X的頻率特性 MAX29X的頻率特性如圖4所示。圖中的fs都假定為1kHz。4 設(shè)計(jì)考慮 下面對(duì)MAX29X系列形狀電容濾波器的使用做些討論。4.1 時(shí)鐘信號(hào) MAX29X系列開頭電容濾波器推薦使用的時(shí)鐘信號(hào)最高頻率為2.5MHz。根據(jù)對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)鐘頻率和拐角頻率的比值,MAX291/MAX292/MAX293/MAX294的拐角頻率最高為25kHz.MAX295/MAX296/MAX297的拐角頻率最高為50kHz 。 MAX29X系列開關(guān)電容濾波器的時(shí)鐘信號(hào)既可幅外部時(shí)鐘直接驅(qū)動(dòng)也可由內(nèi)部振蕩器產(chǎn)生。使用外部時(shí)鐘時(shí),無(wú)論是采用單電源供電還是雙電源供電,CLK可直接和采用+5V供電的CMOS時(shí)鐘信號(hào)發(fā)生器的輸出相連。通過(guò)調(diào)整外部時(shí)鐘的頻率,可完成濾波器拐角的實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)整。 當(dāng)使用內(nèi)部時(shí)鐘時(shí),振蕩器的頻率由接在CLK端上的電容VCOSC決定: fCOSC (kHz)=105/3COSC (pF) 4.2 供電 MAX29X系列開關(guān)電容濾波器既可用單電源工作也可用雙電源工作。雙電源供電時(shí)的電源電壓范圍為±2.375~±5.5V。在實(shí)際電路中一般要在正負(fù)電源和GND之間接一旁路電容。 當(dāng)采用單電源供電時(shí),V-端接地,而GND端要通過(guò)電阻分壓獲得一個(gè)電壓參考,該電壓參考的電壓值為1/2的電源電壓,參見(jiàn)圖5。4.3 輸入信號(hào)幅度范圍限制 MAX29X允許的輸入信號(hào)的最大范圍為V--0.3V~V++0.3V。一般情況下在+5V單電源供電時(shí)輸入信號(hào)范圍取1V~4V,±5V雙電源供電時(shí),輸入信號(hào)幅度范圍取±4V。如果輸入信號(hào)超過(guò)此范圍,總諧波失真THD和噪聲就大大增加;同樣如果輸入信號(hào)幅度過(guò)?。╒P-P<1V),也會(huì)造成THD和噪聲的增加。4.4 獨(dú)立運(yùn)算放大器的用法 MAX29X中都設(shè)計(jì)有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的運(yùn)算放大器,這個(gè)放大器和濾波器的實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)直接關(guān)系,用這個(gè)放大器可組成一個(gè)一階和二階濾波器,用于實(shí)現(xiàn)MAX29X之前的反混疊濾波功能鄞MAX29X之后的時(shí)鐘噪聲抑制功能。這個(gè)運(yùn)算放大器的反相端已在內(nèi)部和GND相連。 圖6是用該獨(dú)立運(yùn)放組成的2階低通濾波器的電路,它的拐角頻率為10kHz,輸入阻抗為22Ω,可滿足MAX29X形狀電容濾波器的最小負(fù)載要求(MAX29X的輸出負(fù)載要求不小于20kΩ)可以通過(guò)改變R1、R2、R3、C1、C2的元件值改變拐角頻率。具體的元件值和拐角頻率的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系參見(jiàn)表1。
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-18
上傳用戶:macarco
The P89LPC912/913/914 are single-chip microcontrollers in low-cost 14-pin packages, based on a high performance processor architecture that executes instructions in two to four clocks, six times the rate of standard 80C51 devices. Many system level functions have been incorporated into the P89LPC912/913/914 in order to reduce component count, board space, and system cost.
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-12
上傳用戶:司令部正軍級(jí)
HIGH SPEED 8051 μC CORE - Pipe-lined Instruction Architecture; Executes 70% of Instructions in 1 or 2 System Clocks - Up to 25MIPS Throughput with 25MHz System Clock - 22 Vectored Interrupt Sources MEMORY - 4352 Bytes Internal Data RAM (256 + 4k) - 64k Bytes In-System Programmable FLASH Program Memory - External Parallel Data Memory Interface – up to 5Mbytes/sec DIGITAL PERIPHERALS - 64 Port I/O; All are 5V tolerant - Hardware SMBusTM (I2CTM Compatible), SPITM, and Two UART Serial Ports Available Concurrently - Programmable 16-bit Counter/Timer Array with 5 Capture/Compare Modules - 5 General Purpose 16-bit Counter/Timers - Dedicated Watch-Dog Timer; Bi-directional Reset CLOCK SOURCES - Internal Programmable Oscillator: 2-to-16MHz - External Oscillator: Crystal, RC, C, or Clock - Real-Time Clock Mode using Timer 3 or PCA SUPPLY VOLTAGE ........................ 2.7V to 3.6V - Typical Operating Current: 10mA @ 25MHz - Multiple Power Saving Sleep and Shutdown Modes 100-Pin TQFP (64-Pin Version Available) Temperature Range: –40°C to +85°C
標(biāo)簽: C8051F020
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-12
上傳用戶:lalalal
MG3500SoC是支持H.264高清編解碼器的片上系統(tǒng),內(nèi)部集成一個(gè)嵌入式ARM926處理器,支持高清H.264編解碼、MPEG鄄2解碼和JPEG編解碼。介紹了MG3500SoC的主要性能特點(diǎn)、引腳排列、主要接口功能及在DVR上的應(yīng)用,以及MG3500SoC及其周圍器件的硬件設(shè)計(jì),提出了在設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題。 Abstract: The MG3500System-on-Chip(SoC)is high definition(HD)H.264codec,including ARM926-EJ processor,H.264encoder/decoder,MPEG2decoder and JPEG/MJPEG encoder/decoder.The features,pin assignments,interfaces and the typical application of MG3500in DVR are introduced in this paper.The application hardware circuit between the MG3500SoC and peripheral device are given,the questions which the syetem design needs to pay attention are explained.
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-11-12
上傳用戶:elinuxzj
The CAT93C46 is a 1 kb Serial EEPROM memory device which isconfigured as either 64 registers of 16 bits (ORG pin at VCC) or 128registers of 8 bits (ORG pin at GND). Each register can be written (orread) serially by using the DI (or DO) pin. The CAT93C46 features aself−timed internal write with auto−clear. On−chip Power−On Resetcircuit protects the internal logic against powering up in the wrongstate.
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-11-20
上傳用戶:ynzfm
The MSP-FET430PIF is a Parallel Port interface (does not include target board) that is used to program and debug MSP430 FET tools and test boards through the JTAG interface. This interface is included in our FET tools, but sold without the development board. This interface uses a Parallel PC Port to communicate to the Debugger Software (IAR Kickstart software included) running on the PC. The interface uses the standard 14 pin header to communicate to the MSP430 device using the standard JTAG protocol. The flash memory can be erased and programmed in seconds with only a few keystrokes, and since the MSP430 flash is extremely low power, no external power supply is required. The tool has an integrated software environment and connects directly to the PC which greatly simplifies the set-up and use of the tool. The flash development tool supports development with all MSP430 flash parts. Features MSP430 debugging interface to connect a MSP430-Flash-device to a Parallel port on a PC Supports JTAG debug protocol (NO support for Spy-Bi-Wire (2-wire JTAG) debug protocol, Spy-Bi-Wire (2-wire JTAG) is supported by MSP-FET430UIF) Parallel Port cable and a 14-conductor target cable Full documentation on CD ROM Integrated IAR Kickstart user interface which includes: Assembler Linker Limulator Source-level debugger Limited C-compiler Technical specifications: Backwardly compatable with existing FET tool boards.
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-26
上傳用戶:fengweihao158@163.com
The MSP-FET430U14 is a powerful flash emulation tool to quickly begin application development on the MSP430 MCU. It includes USB debugging interface used to program and debug the MSP430 in-system through the JTAG interface or the pin saving Spy Bi-Wire (2-wire JTAG) protocol. The flash memory can be erased and programmed in seconds with only a few keystrokes, and since the MSP430 flash is ultra-low power, no external power supply is required. The debugging tool interfaces the MSP430 to the included integrated software environment and includes code to start your design immediately. The MSP-FET430UIF development tools supports development with all MSP430 flash devices
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-28
上傳用戶:13691535575
IntroductionAs chip designers pack more functions into ICs,pin counts continue to grow and the space betweenpins keeps shrinking. Pin spacings of 0.5 mm and0.65 mm are not at all uncommon. The power ofthese new ICs is wonderful, to be sure, but trou-bleshooting them can be a chore because connect-ing scopes and logic analyzers has become muchmore difficult and less dependable.
標(biāo)簽: Agilent Probing Wedge High
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-22
上傳用戶:蔣清華嗯
The PCA9536 is an 8-pin CMOS device that provides 4 bits of General Purpose parallel Input/Output (GPIO) expansion for I2C-bus/SMBus applications and was developed to enhance the NXP Semiconductors family of I2C-bus I/O expanders. I/O expanders provide a simple solution when additional I/O is needed for ACPI power switches, sensors, push buttons, LEDs, fans, etc.
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-27
上傳用戶:w230825hy
The PCA9534 is a 16-pin CMOS device that provide 8 bits of General Purpose parallel Input/Output (GPIO) expansion for I2C-bus/SMBus applications and was developed to enhance the NXP Semiconductors family of I2C-bus I/O expanders. The improvements include higher drive capability, 5 V I/O tolerance, lower supply current, individual I/O configuration, 400 kHz clock frequency, and smaller packaging. I/O expanders provide a simple solution when additional I/O is needed for ACPI power switches, sensors, push buttons, LEDs, fans, etc.
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-11-17
上傳用戶:vodssv
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